It's probably worth distinguishing between processed - which as you mentioned includes broad swathes of cooking - and ultra-processed, the McDonalds-tier of foods.
The former is not particularly bad, while the latter is pretty bad.
The arguments against 'ultra processed' food IMO are twofold. First, in some countries, additives are poorly regulated and enforced, hence food sometimes contains harmful substances. Though I think it it fairly rare.
Second, most 'ultra processed' food in discussion are commercial fast food. Being ultra processed, they contain same energy and fat in less volume due to low indigestible junks. So people can eat them more. And due to over commercialization they are often made addictive with flavoring. This means you'll binge eat and come for more. This over consumption of macro nutrients and sometimes elimination of micro nutrients due to cost effective processing makes what is unhealthy about such food.
So if the production is honest about ingredients (verified by regulatory tests), you calculate your daily nutrients intake to be in recommended range and you don't fall for addiction easily, go for any ultra super processed food, no harms done.
(There are evidence of dietary fibers helping prevent certain types of colon cancers but unless you're eating only sugar stuffs, most food in market contains enough of that, how much processed it be).
Your body has evolved to eat organic food. Processed food is engineered to be as cheap as possible to produce first, edible second and nutritional last.
Shittily designed yes, but thats the nature of evolution. Now if you'd excuse me, I'm going to tear a ligament in my finger my moving it in a weird way.
You process food by washing, cutting, or cooking your food. Processed isn't being used properly to scaremonge people. Over processed or ultra processed food is the worriesome stuff
Organic food is literally designed for you to eat. Processed food turns your body into crap which will degrade into the ground sooner rather than later.
I'm not a religious or health nut (although they are delicious) .... my point is that the fewer steps your food has to take to get to you eating it is way better than most things you buy in a box/can/plastic container.
As far as evidence goes, this is not particularly compelling. It's a bit like when someone has an anecdote of their chain-smoking 90-year old grandmother - yes, outliers exist, but at a population-level, both smoking and eating ultra-processed foods is not a good idea.
This is not a proper dichotomy as organic isn't about level of processing, it deals with farming conditions and species.
Also processing a spectrum. For example a smoothie and juice are both processed fruit but the smoothie has everything that the whole foods have in it while the juice is missing some of the nutrients, notably the fiber. If you then add refined sugar to that juice to make it more palatable that is further processing, and if you reduce that juice to a jelly that is further processing, with each of these processing stages you are making the food more calorically dense. Processing can also make a food easier to eat or improve the nutrition though, processing isn't inherently a good or bad thing but it very often is one of those.
this would have made sense.. god, more than 50 thousand years ago, since even hunter-gatherers would have been going around selectively spreading only seeds from plants they liked.
can't speak for what everyone else is talking about all I know organic is just a bespoke waste of money in my books, take that lable off and the price drops ten to twenty percent for the same raw ingredients