To install a new outlet with a dedicated circuit do they have to cut the drywall all the way from the electrical panel to the outlet?
That's not a simple question to answer.
The electrician will have to fish wire through the walls between the new outlet and the panel.
Depending on the construction and the specific path, they may only have to cut a couple small holes and feed wire between them, or they may have to cut several to get past studs and navigate obstacles; but generally they shouldn't need to open the entire wall/path*. There will definitely be some cutting, it just depends on the job how much exactly.
Retrofitting new circuits can be super quick and easy, or it can be a massive headache. It's varies quite a bit.
Specifically with stud+drywall construction. These types of walls have a cavity inside where you can feed wires through easily. The UK for example uses a lot of masonry and plaster to make solid interior walls. With these types of walls there's not much choice but to carve a channel in the wall, then plaster over it later.
It depends on where your panel is, where you want the outlet, and how your house is built.
If they can route the wiring through the attic or basement or crawlspace they’ll do it that way.
Going along a wall, cutting a strip of drywall the entire way and boring through all the studs will take a lot of time.
Nobody cuts a strip. You typically can limit cuts by cutting one hole big enough to get a hand into on either side of studs. You drill a hole through the stud and pass the wire. Either that or cut a small hole right at the stud, make a small notch big enough for the wire and put a metal plate over the notch.
Most electricians try to minimize cutting holes everywhere because the homeowner gets mad and it wastes time. Better to pull up from the basement or pull down from attic if available.
I've seen people cut strips from the bottom of the wall so that you can run it through a bunch of studs (say from the left side of a wall to the right) so that you can drill through all the studs and patch the drywall with a single piece.
There's many ways to avoid doing that and the electrician will prefer not to. Generally they prefer to route it laterally through the attic or basement and vertically in the walls. Sometimes, holes are cut in the wall to secure the wire or change its direction.
But if it must move laterally along some drywall and through all of the studs then yeah they'll need to open up that drywall to drill holes in all the studs.
If I ever saw a question that was overly specified ... then it wasn't this one for sure :)
Depends
If you don’t have a crawl space or attic with access, and aren’t somewhere they run conduit for resi, then most probably yes.
Not typically. But sometimes yes. Depends on where it's located but sometimes the only drywall you'll cut is for the cut in box. Like if it's on an exterior wall some drywall may need to be cut cause of the insulation. But if you use an experienced electrican then we can get the job done with very minimal cutting
It would help if you uploaded the blueprints for your house and annotated with the place you want more outlet(s)
No
Generally, if you want to add a cable, they just year down your current home and have to rebuild it. Start with a contractor and tell him to bring his wrecking ball.