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Laughs in hardware switch.
Laughs in disabling kernal modual.
Edit: I really miss hardware switches works only a few have them anymore.
Laughs in electrical tape.
Most of the newer laptops I've picked up some have hardware switches, but they do have a physical shutter that can be flipped over the camera which IMO is better as I can visibly see the camera is blocked
Laughs in "will you allow <website> to use your camera?" (Yes/No)
Much easier
You also could use VM. From there you can toggle the device passthough
I've always gotten too much delay with audio/video passthrough to voice calls through a VM, personally.
Did you use the proper acceleration? Use KVM plus a virtual GPU.
It is entirely possible your hardware makes it problematic but for me it worked.
I use a USB pass through, so the VM is connected to the hardware instead of going through 12 layers of software.
Dell? patented a laptop with a motorized switch back in the day. Let's hope it stays lost in the abyss from whence it came.