Hi,

I’ve done some research on this myself and the answer is the USB controller. Specifically the way the USB controller “shares” bandwidth. It is not the way a sata controller or a pci lane deals with this. ZFS expects direct control of the disk to operate correctly and anything that gets in between the file system and the disk is a problem.

Thanks for sharing. I agree with you 100% and I think everybody commenting here does. The whole point of the thread however was to understand if/how you can identify the location of the problem without guessing. The reality is I got to the conclusion that people... don't. Like you said people know ZFS is fussy about how does he speaks with the disks and the minimum issue it has it throws a tantrum. So people just switch things until they work (or buy expensive motherboards with many ports). I don't like the idea of not knowing "why", so I will just add on my notes that for my specific usecase I cannot trust ZFS + OS (TrueNas scale) to use the USB disk for backups via ZFS send/recieve.

If you want a stable system give zfs direct access to your disks and accept it will damage zfs operations over time if you do not.

I would like to add that I am not trying to mirror my main disk with a usb one. I just wanted to copy the zfs snapshots on the usb drive once a day at midnight. ZFS is just (don't throw stones at me for this, it is just my opinon) too brittle to use it this way too. I mean when I am trying to clean/recover the pool it just refuses (and there is no one writing on it).

A better but still bad solution would be something like a USB to SATA enclosure. In this situation if you installed a couple disks in a mirror on the enclosure… They would be using a single USB port and the controller would at least keep the data on one lane instead of constantly switching.

In my case there was no switching however. It was a single nvme drive in a single usb line in an enclusure. It was a separate stripe to just recieve data once a day.

Regardless if you want to dive deeper you will need to do reading on USB controllers and bandwidth sharing.

Not without good logs or debugging tools.

I decided I cannot trust it so unfortunately I will take the usb enclosure with the nvme, format it with etx4 and use Kopia to backup the datasets there once a day. It is not what I wanted but it is the best I can get for now.

About better solutions for the my play-NAS in general, I am constrained with the ports I have. I (again personal choice - I understand people disagree with this) don't want to go SATA. Unfortunately, since I could not find any PCIe switch with ASM2812I (https://www.asmedia.com.tw/product/866yq74SPBqRdtgC/7c5YQ79xz8urEGr1) I am unable to get more from my m2 nvme pcie 3x4 (speed loss for me is not an issue, my main bottleneck is the network). It is interesting how you can find many more interesting attempt at it in the PIs ecosystem but not for mini PCs.

Hi.

There is one usb drive in an nvme enclosure without their own power supply. I know the brand and I can find the chipset however what I need to understand is the issue from the logs.

The error usb 2-4: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed. seems common for USB devices not working.

What does it point to and what to look for to understand it?

Thanks.

PS: Just for curiosity I did swap the enclosure days ago and the cable but had the same issue, so the error message is not specific to it. Also I was using this enclosure as the main disk for one of my PI with no issue, so power via USB or cable should not be the problem. Not that I want to use that as metric, I need data/logs from the OS.

Hi! Thanks for the pointers. Unfortunately dmesg and system logs where the first places I looked at, but I found nothing at the time. I tried it again now to give you the output of a zpool clear, you can obviously ignore the failed email attempt. journalctl:

Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas kernel: WARNING: Pool 'tank-02' has encountered an uncorrectable I/O failure and has been suspended.
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799040]: eid=309 class=statechange pool='tank-02' vdev=xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx vdev_state=ONLINE
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799049]: eid=310 class=statechange pool='tank-02' vdev=xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx vdev_state=FAULTED
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799057]: eid=313 class=data pool='tank-02' priority=3 err=28 flags=0x20004000 bookmark=0:0:0:1
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799058]: eid=311 class=vdev_clear pool='tank-02' vdev=xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx vdev_state=FAULTED
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799067]: eid=312 class=data pool='tank-02' priority=3 err=28 flags=0x20004000 bookmark=0:62:0:0
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799081]: eid=316 class=io_failure pool='tank-02'
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799082]: eid=315 class=data pool='tank-02' priority=3 err=28 flags=0x20004000 bookmark=0:0:-1:0
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799090]: eid=314 class=data pool='tank-02' priority=3 err=28 flags=0x20004000 bookmark=0:0:1:0
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas find_alias_for_smtplib.py[799114]: sending mail to 
                                                           To: root
                                                           Subject: ZFS device fault for pool tank-02 on truenas
                                                           MIME-Version: 1.0
                                                           Content-Type: text/plain; charset="ANSI_X3.4-1968"
                                                           Content-
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas find_alias_for_smtplib.py[799114]: No aliases found to send email to root
Jun 07 08:06:24 truenas zed[799144]: error: statechange-notify.sh: eid=310: mail exit=1

dmesg says even less.

I also tried to reboot the machine with the drive detached and then attach it at runtime while tailing dmesg and journalctl. Now, they are pretty verbose, so will only add here any interesting part (I didn't notice anything new however):

[...]
[  221.952569] usb 2-4: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[  221.954164] usb 2-4: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[  221.965756] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[  221.983528] usb 2-4: Enable of device-initiated U1 failed.
[  221.983997] usb 2-4: Enable of device-initiated U2 failed.
[  221.987603] scsi host2: uas
[  221.987831] usbcore: registered new interface driver uas
[...]
[  222.040564] sd 2:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0
[  222.049860] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] 1953525168 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/932 GiB)
[  222.051867] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
[  222.051879] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 37 00 00 08
[  222.056719] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
[  222.058407] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Preferred minimum I/O size 512 bytes
[  222.058413] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Optimal transfer size 33553920 bytes
[  222.252607]  sdb: sdb1
[  222.253015] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI disk
[  234.935926] usb 2-4: USB disconnect, device number 2
[  234.983962] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Synchronizing SCSI cache
[  235.227936] sd 2:0:0:0: [sdb] Synchronize Cache(10) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_ERROR driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[...]

Thanks for the advices, it was worth another try. Anything more that comes to mind?

Thank you! A new path to check :) I didn't find this in my search until now, so I added it on my documentation.

Unfortunately it doesn't tell me much, but I am really happy there is some more new info here. I can see some FAILED steps but it may be just connected to the fact it is a striped volume?

1717612906   spa.c:6623:spa_import(): spa_import: importing tank-02
1717612906   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config trusted): LOADING
1717612906   vdev.c:161:vdev_dbgmsg(): disk vdev '/dev/disk/by-partuuid/xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx-xxxx': best uberblock found for spa tank-02. txg 6462
1717612906   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config untrusted): using uberblock with txg=6462
1717612906   spa.c:8925:spa_async_request(): spa=tank-02 async request task=4
1717612906   spa_misc.c:404:spa_load_failed(): spa_load(tank-02, config trusted): FAILED: cannot open vdev tree after invalidating some vdevs
1717612906   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config trusted): UNLOADING
1717612906   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config trusted): spa_load_retry: rewind, max txg: 6461
1717612906   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config trusted): LOADING
1717612907   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config untrusted): vdev tree has 1 missing top-level vdevs.
1717612907   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config untrusted): current settings allow for maximum 0 missing top-level vdevs at this stage.
1717612907   spa_misc.c:404:spa_load_failed(): spa_load(tank-02, config untrusted): FAILED: unable to open vdev tree [error=2]
1717612907   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config untrusted): UNLOADING

It goes on and after a while:

1717614235   spa_misc.c:2311:spa_import_progress_set_notes_impl(): 'tank-02' Finished importing
1717614235   spa.c:8925:spa_async_request(): spa=tank-02 async request task=2048
1717614235   spa_misc.c:418:spa_load_note(): spa_load(tank-02, config trusted): LOADED
1717614235   metaslab.c:2445:metaslab_load_impl(): metaslab_load: txg 6464, spa tank-02, vdev_id 0, ms_id 95, smp_length 0, unflushed_allocs 0, unflushed_frees 0, freed 0, defer 0 + 0, unloaded time 1362018 ms, loading_time 0 ms, ms_max_size 8589934592, max size error 8589934592, old_weight 840000000000001, new_weight 840000000000001

But I see no other issue otherwise. Any other new path/logs/ways I can query the system?

Thanks. I am ok with accepting the fact USB storage with ZFS is unreliable. I am ok with not using it in real case scenarios. My point stands however in understanding what broke so I know what to look for and, should I be crazy enough to try something similar again in some use-cases, know what to alert on. Call me curious. Everybody tells me it breaks, nobody tells me "look, it breaks here, and this is how you can see it". I will try for another day or two and then will write it down on my notes as "unusable due to bad logging/debugging options", not just because "it is USB" if that makes sense.

Thanks, I understand the point of view. So maybe let me rephrase it. ZFS is not telling me more info that the one I posted above (maybe this is all it sees like you said). Do you know of any other way to make ZFS more verbose on the issue or giving me more info? If not, it is ok but I have a second question: Where would you look on which is the culprit amongst "bad USB controller, firmware, cable, or driver" without trying-by-switching them out? Thank you for your advice.

I could format it and try but the moment I do I lose the ability to debug the issue and learning from the problem. So I may temporary solve it but it may happen again. I wonder if someone knows what I can check/test/run to identify what broke.

Thanks for the quick reply 👍

The next step I would try would be to boot an other install, like a liveusb or a raspbian, on the same usb port, to completely eliminate a hardware problem if it boots properly.

Good advice. I moved the usb drive from another (working) PI and attached it to the same USB port. It boots correctly. It is not the USB port nor power.

If it is a software problem, it seems to happen very early in the boot process, so my bet would be a corrupted initramfs/initrd (or what is equivalent on a Pi). No idea how you could debug and fix that on Ubuntu, though (especially on a Pi where /boot is… different).

I believe it is something like that. Or it is not mounting the drive correctly and not finding it, or it is something else. I just wish there was a better (or any) error printed on the console. I tried to attach a keyboard to get to a shell with no success. I honestly could just reformat the drive and use a clean install, but it is the last resource. I would like to understand what happened so I can learn from it and avoid it in the future (or learn a path to fix it).