Weird, somehow I've never heard of this species or seen one in another Star Trek series. From a cursory internet search that might be because I've never seen Star Trek: the Animated Series.
They even show up in Star Trek Into Darkness as furless cat girls that the writer claims are the same species even though they're clearly not. Memory Alpha dutifully lists them on the Unnamed Caitian page, but amusingly doesn't actually call them Caitians explicitly.
To be fair, the text never refers to them as Caitians, it's just the writer saying it in an interview.