Look on the bright side. At least it's some of the most expensive bottled CO2 you can get so you don't want to be wasting that stuff on just any drink. It's high quality CO2, not some of that fake CO2 that some other gas company would pedal you.
I was just thinking this disassembly was the time to try the CO2 tank conversion. But the tip is stuck in there and dno if I can get it out without breaking plastic cage
Is it that entire brass threaded bit? (Admittedly, I do not know sodastream anatomy.) Is the brass bit simply screwed in too tight?
If it just needs to be unscrewed, I would use a trick similar to removing header studs on an engine, but modified.
Find two nuts that are the same size thread, but completely round off the corners on one of the nuts. Screw on the unmodified nut half way. Screw on the modified nut as tight as you can against the first nut. Use a socket wrench to apply torque on the first nut and it should give you just enough friction to unscrew the whole thing.
Maybe take the broken CO2 cartridge, add some super glue to the end, screw it back in and - after letting it dry for some hours - try to screw the entire bottle out again.
Alternatively, if you can reach the broken part with a dremel, you could try to make a small cut into it (brass is pretty soft) and use a flat screwdriver in that cut to screw it out.
If successful, please don't exchange the broken cartridge the regular way but send a mail to the manufacturer to get it exchanged. Otherwise the broken one might find its way into the next unlucky household.