That's one of the ways proposed for terraforming Venus. Put in a sun shield to freeze the planet, let the CO2 snow down, then process the CO2 into something that can sequester it away so it doesn't just go back into the atmosphere after removing the sun shield.
Of course none of that is technically possible right now, but it's a lot easier on a planet that has no (known) life to destroy while working through the process.
For the most part, it varies by material and state of matter, but assuming the chemical composition doesnt change and no material changes phase, then it is pretty close to linear in most materials.
Fun fact: gas pressure changes linearly with temperature. If you make one of these plots at mild conditions you can extrapolate the line down to zero pressure and measure where absolute zero temperature is