"Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo" is a grammatically correct sentence in English that is often presented as an example of how homonyms and homophones can be used to create complicated linguistic constructs through lexical ambiguity. It has been discussed in literature in various forms since 1967, when it appeared in Dmitri Borgmann's Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought.
It is grammatically correct, just semantically ambiguous. Buffalo is a proper noun, a noun, and a verb.
A semantically equivalent form preserving the original word order is: "Buffalonian bison that other Buffalonian bison bully also bully Buffalonian bison."
Just look up consonant and vowel charts here, you don't need to study the details unless you really need to. Especially given that this article is full of linguistic jargon, and you probably won't be able to understand any of this unless you have elementary knowledge of phonetics/phonology.
In Ukrainian schools they teach English with IPA broad transcription. And most paper dictionaries I had also had the transcriptions next to the words. It was very helpful in remembering the pronunciation