Could anyone explain the linguistics around the word "shit"?

TL;DR: swear words like "shit" usually emphasize the mood of a sentence rather than add new meaning, which is why "shit" seems to change connotation across your examples. Think like the word "very".

Traditionally in most European languages, the cycle of what is considered most offensive shifts between bodily functions (shit, piss), genitalia and sexual acts (cunt, cock, fuck) and religious profanity (hell, bloody), particularly against the Christian God. Some scholars define us as moving into a new cycle, where the most offensive words are slurs based on race, sexuality, or gender. These scholars speculate that this results in more willingness to experiment with already existing swear words of the 'traditional' categories since they are considered less offensive in comparison.

Swear words are almost always used euphemistically and in set phrases. Some scholars go as far as to argue that swearing is only euphemistic and words used literally do not count as "swearing". In fact, much of swear word usage can be classified as an intensifier, which is a word or short phrase that sort of heightens the already existing mood of the sentence but doesn't explicitly change the meaning. Using shit as an example, "Shit, the bread's gone stale again." In this example, you can also see shit being used as a sort of mood marker, since it is reasonable to assume out of context that the bread going stale might be desirable to the speaker. In this case, the "shit" marks the stale bread is actually bad as well as intensifying the mood as compared to, say "oh darn, the bread's gone stale again."

This part is a bit of speculation on the origin of set phrases like "ain't shit" or "the shit" and I haven't actually read any scholarly literature on this topic specifically. You can see similarities between set phrases like "this is the shit" and "this is the stuff" and "that's the spot". It seems like this is a construction common in the English language to express that something is pleasurable. Whether this is what caused the "this is the shit" set phrase or whether the "this is the shit" set phrase caused the construction remains to be seen. "Ain't shit" is definitely somewhat different because it probably comes from African American Vernacular English (AAVE). While I would argue that "the shit" could be AAVE in origin as well, I do think it has roots in non AAVE English, whereas "ain't shit" is grammatically AAVE.

If you're interested in reading more, I recommend The F Word by Jesse Sheidlower and Holy Sh*t by Melissa Mohr.