Websites Are Tracking You Via Browser Fingerprinting: Researchers uncovered how websites use covert browser fingerprinting to track users — even without cookies or consent

You can test your browser here: https://coveryourtracks.eff.org/

I can assure you they're doing more than that. If you see the recapture or cloudflare verification box, you have been cross-site fingerprinted. So if you turn a VPN on and you're using the same OS and browser, they know who you are.