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As up to date as Debian
(Obviously a joke, Debian is great)
Debian is caught up or even past Ubuntu nowadays, shits flipped fr, yo.
Recent update big update or just good maintenance?
Think it's been maintenance, but the real difference is packages aren't ancient like they used to be, they're mostly up to date.
Stuff like the desktop are basically generic compared to Ubuntu's customization, but they moved to wayland, pipewire, all that stuff which is violent radical by past debian standards.
Depends what/when you mean.
Debian 12 was released in June and has some newer, and some older, packages than Ubuntu 24.04. For example Ubuntu has LibreOffice 24.2.2 while Debian has 7.4.5.
Debian testing currently has a similar distribution to Ubuntu 24.10, though over the next 6 months it'll pull ahead of that, but Ubuntu 25.04 will likely have on average newer packages than Debian testing until its beta freeze.
Debian unstable has always had newer packages than the others.