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The Ottoman Empire never ruled in east Arabia (apart from Muscat) or in the central areas, did they?
There was the Lahsa eyalet along the Persian gulf for ~100 years, and for the interior I guess the few years immediately after the Wahabbi war would count?
and for the interior I guess
It's just sand. Doesn't really matter. 🙃
More people live in that sand than live in Switzerland
The population of al-Mintaqah ash-Sharqīyah (eastern province) is 5 Million. Population density of 7.3/km^2
The population of Switzerland is 9 million. Population density of 207/km^2.
It's SAND, bro.
For a start, that's the bit that is roughly the same area as the Lahsa eyalet, not the interior. Riyadh province, which is in the middle bit, has eight and a half million people. Add in al-Qassim province which is also in that area and you have ten million.
But also, just generally... five million people is a lot of people. It's not like it's even a particular outlier in terms of density. The eastern province is more densely populated than Canada.