Regardless of whether it's a legal or criminalized practice, which professions are particularly prone to the influence of money in ways that are considered the most detrimental to society?

Politics

Any regulator specifically exists to counter these forces, so any regulatory capture is the most devastating to society as it opens entire industries to corruption. For some reason capitalists think foxes know the most about chickens, so surely they should be in charge of the henhouse.

The military industrial complex.

Any supervising institution but especially: the justice system and the military

All of them, as long as we have capitalism

Drugs/medicine